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identity

Make Up Your Mind! [Now I am Become Water the Creator of Worlds]

October 9, 2013 by Charles Edward Culpepper

This title with apologies to J. Robert Oppenheimer

Accommodation: When a baby holds a ball, the baby adjusts its grip according to the nature of the ball (its thingness ‘as such’, its “ball-ness”). In re-action to the softness, roundess, smoothness and other attributes of a ball, the baby becomes attracted or repelled by the object. If the object is experienced as pleasurable or painful, or otherwise interesting or important, the baby will form a memory strength commensurate with the significance of the experience. In a way, the memory can be regarded as a kind of neurological document of the ball experience. The neurological memory is not a logic map – like much of artificial intelligence – it is an association map (a map of sensations that occur together as a function of time and space). Therefore, if it repeatedly rains when you open your front door, something inside you is attracted to the idea that your door is controlling the weather.

Assimilation: Ball experiences will be essentially grouped into a category of neural documents in the form of a fuzzy logic, in the sense of: experiences that are definitely ball experiences, experiences that are ball-like or almost ball-ish and experiences that are not ball experiences. The memory will be a default generalization based on the number of ball attributes and the degree of intensity in those attributes and their proximity in space and time. The generalization, in a healthy person, will get progressively refined as new ball experiences occur. Refining the generalization means changing the map by adding – assimilating – the additional experiences.

Adaptation is the feedback loop between accommodation and assimilation. New accommodations are based both on the new sensory experience and on the association of the new experience to the old neurological document; and this compound accommodation produces a compound assimilation. In a very real sense, our mental model – neurological document – is treated as a ‘reality’ that exists equally with the sensory-motor reality that we move through.

Eternal Mind

We leave the womb of adaptation when we distinguish and identify the associations of our body as distinct from the other sensory-motor experiences. The segregation of self from non-self is not consciousness, but a precursor to it. Once the ‘self’ neurological document is formed, this posits the ability to associate the self with non-self. And these associations of self versus non-self allows the self to move through a process of space and time. When the self operates on the non-self there is a result that is graded and given a value of significance. Highly valued experience creates an attraction to repeat the behavior that produced the result. Since “high value” results in stronger memory the steps necessary to produce the result become progressively memorable and eventually reproduceable.

The repeated behavior is randomly modified and the effects of modification are remembered until the magic day when the desire for the particular effect produces the replication of the behaviors that produced it. And, since the self was part of the adaptation, the self becomes re-cognized – identifyed – as an operator (affector) rather than a mere object. This separates the world into objects and operators. This results in a relationship (association) of operators, objects and outcomes. Now living in a world of operators, objects and outcomes, the world begins to get organized in a more refined way. An association between operator ‘A’ and operator ‘B” with object ‘A’ and object ‘B’ with outcome ‘A’ and outcome ‘B’. Different collections of operators objects and outcomes are randomly associated until, eventually, it becomes re-cognized that operator ‘A’ operating on object ‘A’ repeatedly produces outcome ‘A’. This is what Douglas R. Hofstadter was referring to in his 1979 book Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, as self representation, or self-rep.

The association of associations becomes identified. Once this happens it becomes highly desirable to repeat satisfying associations of associates. Very soon, the particular operator ‘Self’ seems to occur a lot, especially with preferred outcomes. Then the sweetest algorithm in the world: step 1, select self; step 2, select preferred outcome; step 3, select operation; step 4, evaluate outcome (like/dislike); step 5, repeat; step 6, repeat until steps are remembered in sequence; step 7, reverse the steps.

Brain Intelligence Discovery

This play, much like filling and emptying a glass of water, teaches the child what the psychologist Jean Piaget would refer to as conservation. Conservation shows that when you pour the water from a short container into a tall container, the amount of water does not change. Repeatedly going from tall to short, then short to long, makes the experience of pouring, reversible and therefore understandable.

Because the self is felt and used it becomes a unique neurological document (it is the only entity – neurological document – that has feelings). You can put four marbles in a box, but the marbles don’t feel, but the self feels them; the ‘putting’ doesn’t feel, but the self is satisfied by the process producing the expected result. Because repeating a particular process produces satisfaction in the self and the self being satisfied gets regarded as highly valued. Then the most significant thing in the world results, the processes that please or displease, inform (make more reliably reproduceble processes) or provide objectives (expectations) become a world unto themselves – they become ‘I’.

‘I’ am the sum of what happens to the self and what the self makes happen. ‘I’ am the most important thing there is. ‘I’ can live, or die. There are other ‘I’s in the world, but they are not this ‘I’. ‘I’ must do something, because only by doing, do things happen to ‘I’ and ‘I’ make things happen, which is my existence – without doing, ‘I’ do not exist. ‘I’ want to be happy. ‘I’ will try and do happiness. And no longer did darkness rule the deep. And the light was good!

 

About the Author:

Charles Edward Culpepper, IIICharles Edward Culpepper, III is a Poet, Philosopher and Futurist who regards employment as a necessary nuisance…

 

Filed Under: Op Ed Tagged With: identity

Mind Uploading and Identity

September 10, 2013 by Steve Morris

Like many of you here, I saw the recent interview on Singularityweblog with Dr Natasha Vita-More about her idea of the Whole Body Prosthetic. The article raises many interesting questions, not least what it would mean to have an uploaded mind and a physical body, whether natural or prosthetic. In this article I want to explore some of these ideas, in particular what identity means for an uploaded mind.

Identity and continuity

Identity wordThe idea of uploading a mind to a supercomputer is commonplace in singularity discussions. Assuming that a “mind map” could be extracted from a biological brain and transferred to a computational substrate without loss of information, what would this mean for the individual? If the self is just a pattern, and uploading preserves the pattern, then is the uploaded mind still you, or is it merely a copy? After all, if we can create one copy, we can create many copies. Is each copy the same person, or they just replicas? What is the self in such a scenario?

Identity is a tricky issue to untangle even without the complication of uploading. Are you the same person now that you were when you were 18? Clearly not. The pattern of your mind has changed as a result of your experiences. And yet you are still you. Your identity has changed, but it persists. So is uploading any different?

The key to preserving identity is continuity. Your 18 year old self changed continuously until you reached your current self. Although the current you is different to the old you, they are the same you. You just changed over time.

If that continuity is broken by uploading, then you are no longer you. The uploaded you is just a copy, even though it may be functionally identical to the old you. “You” are still in the body. You could make a copy of your 18 year old mind and freeze it in time. Now that uploaded self is an exact copy of you, whereas the real you has become quite different with the passing of the years. So which is really you?

If this sounds too abstract to worry about, try the following thought experiment.

The black box uploader

Uploading illustrationPicture this. One day in the not-too-distant future you accompany your best friend to have his mind uploaded to a supercomputer. He’s really excited as he steps into a big black box. “See you on the other side!” he calls. Into the box he goes and the technician presses a big red button. Seconds later, his face appears on the screen in front of you. “Awesome, dude!” he says, “I’ve been uploaded.”

You’re about to leave, when you notice the technician sweeping some ashes out of the black box and into the waste. “What’s that?” you ask.

“Oh,” he says. “That’s just the waste left over from the uploading.”

These ashes bother you. You’re worried about this uploading process. You reach for your smartphone and call your friend. Sure enough, his face appears on your phone. He’s all smiles. He appears to be on some kind of virtual beach, drinking a virtual cocktail. He seems happy. You ask him some questions that only he could possibly know the answer to, and he answers them correctly. It’s definitely him. But what about the heap of ashes left over in the black box. Was that him too?

You ask him about the uploading process and how it felt. He says it felt good. “Was there any pain?” you ask. He says not. And yet, somehow your friend got turned into waste. He’s now in the garbage pile. You saw that with your own eyes. So who is this guy on the screen who claims to be your friend?

Sleep tight

All this thinking has made you tired. You switch out the light and try to sleep. But a nagging thought won’t go away. What happens when you go to sleep, you wonder? Continuity of consciousness is broken. When you wake up, you’ll feel like a new person. But will you in fact be a new person? The old one – did he die in the dark hours? Is the lifespan of the average human less than 24 hours? Have you already died a thousand deaths before? Are we a species of replicants?

Today is the day for your own uploading. Somehow, your concerns about the process have evaporated with the arrival of the new day. You head off to the lab and soon you’ve joined your friend in cyberspace. The process didn’t hurt at all. Soon the technician is sweeping away another pile of ashes.

Identity & multiplicity

What I’ve described is the usual concept of uploading. I’m sure you can see the problem. Would you step into the black box? I’m pretty sure I wouldn’t.

But there are other more interesting scenarios we can explore.

In her interview with Socrates, Dr. Vita-More suggests the possibility of a future mind being capable of inhabiting multiple bodies (or substrates) simultaneously. She suggests a central mind and sub-minds.

But let’s take this idea further. Why not have many minds of equal status? After all, the human brain resembles a collection of semi-independent systems working to create a whole.

The man with two brains

Instead of uploading a biological mind into a computer, why not start by enhancing the biological brain with additional capacity in some kind of artificial substrate? We don’t necessarily need to carry this hardware around with us. Some kind of wireless interface would do the trick.

So now you have your original biological brain plus an artificial one that you could use for storing data or running extra thought processes. It could be massively more powerful than the biological component and distributed in the cloud. No loss of identity is involved here. Provided that the two brains can communicate, like the two hemispheres of the biological brain, all is well. Once you get used to the experience, you might even find that the artificial brain starts to feel like the real you.

But why stop at two brains? From here, expansion into multiple biological and computational substrates is a trivial and logical next step. Multiple brains, multiple bodies, but a single distributed mind. And a single identity too.

Of course, life in the real world can be dangerous and unpredictable. Bodies can get lost or damaged. They may not all be able to communicate with each other all the time. But a well-designed network should be able to handle this. If one part of the mind goes offline, the rest of the system would have to manage without it for a time, and then synchronize again when it comes back online. That’s a little like what happens now when we go to sleep.

Having several bodies would be a good insurance policy against disaster. It would also enormously expand our capabilities and experiences. Some bodies could be male, some female, and others distinctly non-human. They could carry out different tasks at the same time, or work together as a team. And all the really hard thinking could be done on a cloud-based computational substrate.

Of course, this is not a human mind I’m describing, but a network of semi-autonomous super-intelligences. But if handled correctly, it could still be you.


About the author:

Steve-Morris-thumb11

Steve Morris studied Physics at the University of Oxford and is now managing editor of tech review website, S21. He blogs about science, technology and life in general at Blog Blogger Bloggest.

 

Related articles
  • The Final Moments of Karl Brant: Short Sci Fi Film about Mind Uploading
  • Natasha Vita-More on Whole Body Prosthetic

Filed Under: Op Ed, What if? Tagged With: identity, mind uploading

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